Photocatalytic Applications of Heterostructure Graphitic Carbon Nitride: Pollutant Degradation, Hydrogen Gas Production (water splitting), and CO2 Reduction

Table 2 Hydrogen production study by different g-C3N4 heterostructures

Photocatalyst	Source of light	Application	Performance	Ref.
g-C3N4/Au/CdS	300-W Xenon lamp (420-nm cut-off filter)	Hydrogen production	530 μmol after 5 h	[110]
WO3/g-C3N4	Artificial solar light	Hydrogen production	110 μmol h⁻¹g⁻¹	[107]
C,N-TiO₂/g-C₃N₄	300-W Xenon arc lamp (400-nm cut-off filter)	Hydrogen production	39.18 mmol h⁻¹g⁻¹	[111]
WO₃/g-C₃N₄	300-W Xenon lamp (λ > 420-nm cut-off filter)	Hydrogen production	1853 μmol h⁻¹g⁻¹	[106]
g-C₃N₄/WS₂	300-W Xenon arc lamp (λ ≥ 420-nm cut-off filter)	Hydrogen production	101 μmol h⁻¹g⁻¹	[112]
Bi₂MoO₆/g-C₃N₄	300-W Xenon lamp (λ > 420nm cut-off filter)	Hydrogen production	563.4 μmol h⁻¹g⁻¹	[103]