Fig. 1

Schematic of the In NDs formation from electrolysis of ITO film. a Initial state of a water droplet standing on an ITO film without applying a voltage. b Formation of NDs on the area covered with water when a voltage is applied. c SEM image of the intact ITO film surface corresponding to a. d SEM image of the formed NDs corresponding to b (applied voltage of 150 V for 1.5 min at ITO film thickness of 25 nm). e XRD spectra of the ITO film before and after electrolysis. f TEM image of the obtained In NDs