Table 5 Summary of researches on responsive polymeric LAs delivery system
From: Advances of Nano-Structured Extended-Release Local Anesthetics
Reference number | Polymer | LAs | Diameter | Stimuli | Release profile | Toxicity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[138] | HGNPs@P(MEO2MA-co-OEGMA500) | Bupivacaine | 206.5 ± 49.3 nm | Heat | After 12 sequential heat pulses, the cumulative diffusive release reached a 40% in less than 8 h compared to more than 160 h at 37 °C | At 2 mg/mL, the viability percentages obtained were between 31% (mMSCs) and 42% (U251MG) |
[139] | Poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) | Bupivacaine | 100–1000 nm | Heat | Thermally triggered aggregation happens from 32.4 to 37.5 °C | Nanogels had minimal impact on cell viability and large (> 500 nm diameter) nanogels typically remained as liquid-like residues in vivo and induced more severe inflammatory reactions |
[140] | Methacrylicacid–ethyl acrylate (MAA-EA) | Procaine hydrochloride | 30.9–141.1 nm | pH | The percentage of procaine released at pH of 8 was ∼ 90% compared to ∼ 30% at pH of 5 | None |