Fig. 1

a Schematic illustration of conventional LCO electrode and LCO electrode with an α-LLTO modification layer; b XRD patterns of LLTO target (blue line), Si substrate (dark-cyan line), α-LLTO thin-film on Si substrate (purple line), pristine LCO cathode (black line), and α-LLTO-modified LCO electrodes with different deposition time of LLTO (red line for 10 min, pink line for 30 min, yellow line for 60 min, and green line for 100 min); c Top- and side-view SEM images of LLTO thin-film on Si substrate; d EIS cure of LLTO film on Si substrate; e–g Top-view SEM images of e pristine LCO, f LCO-LLTO-10, and g LCO-LLTO-100; h EDS mapping of the surface of LCO-LLTO-10