Table 1 A set of parameters obtained for antibacterial activities of single zinc, iron, and manganese oxides
From: A Review on Enhancing the Antibacterial Activity of ZnO: Mechanisms and Microscopic Investigation
Method | Bacteria’s used | Precursors used | Morphological analysis | Highest ZI (mm) | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zn | Other | SEM/TEM/HRTEM/SAED | ||||
Hydrothermal and calcination | S. aureus ATCC23235, B. subtilis ATCC23857, E. coli ATCC25922, B. pertussis ATCC9797, P.s aeruginosa Pao1ATCC15692 | – | KMnO4, AlCl3.6H2O, and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonates | 20 nm mean diameter NRs | 18 mm on P. aeruginosa | [9] |
Green and precipitation | E. coli (ATCC 25922) and S. aureus | – | Mn(AC)2·4H2O CTMAB and tea extract | Crystalline spherical and cubes NPs with 20–50 nm size | – | [10] |
One-step sonochemical | S. aureus and E. coli | Zn(AC)2.2H2O | – | Dull appearance of PVA polymer with dispersed 4–6 nm ZnO NPs | – | [14] |
Soft-solution | S. aureus (KCTC No. 3881) and K. pneumoniae(KCTC No. 2246) | Zn(AC)2.2H2O | – | ZnO NPs (0001): 60 nm × 10 nm spherical ZnO NAs: 10 nm Conventional NPS: 30 nm | – | [16] |
Ultrasonication and milling | E. coli (DH5α) | Commercial ZnO | – | ZnO nanofluid | [17] | |
Nucleation-controlled growth | E. coli and S. aureus | ZnCl2 | FeCl2·4H2O | Cubic FCC structure | [32] | |
– | E. coli (DH5α) | Commercial ZnO | Polyethylene Glycol and Polyvinylpyrolidone | ZnO nanofluid | [39] | |
– | S. aureus KCCM-11335 and E. coli – DH5α | ZnO NPs | Didodecyldimethyl-ammoniumbromide | Flake-like | E. coli > S. aureus and | [40] |
In situ solution casting | E. coli and S. aureus | Zn(NO3)2.6H2O | oil palm empty fruit bunches | ZnO dispersed on cellulose matrix | [42] | |
Green method | B subtilis (NCIM 2063), S. aureus (NCIM 2079), E. coli (2065), K. pneumonia (NCIM 2327) | – | Fe(NO3)3.9H2O | 16-nm-sized spherical Fe2O3 with 0.27 nm d value with (104) planes | 16 on B. subtilis | [7] |
Green | S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli and Bacillus subitilis | – | FeCl3 and Rhus punjabensis | ~ 4-nm-sized spherical NPs | 10 on P. aeruginosa | [45] |
Green | S. aureus and E. coli | Zn(NO3)2.6H2O | Orange fruit peel | Spherical particles that increases as increasing the annealing temperature | E. coli > S. aureus | [50] |
Casting | B. subtilis UPMC1175 and Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis | Zn(NO3)2.6H2O | Starch | Spherical and rod-shaped structure | 15 on B. subtilis | [53] |
Green and chemical method | E. coli ATCC (25922) | Zn(NO3)2.6H2O | – | spherical crystalline NPs | – | [54] |
Electrospinning | S. aureus (NCIM 2654) and P. aeruginosa (NCIM 5032) | Zn(AC)2.2H2O | Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and polyethylene oxide | 2.04–2.2 μm diameter ZnO reinforced microfibers | 2.2–3.1 μm rod | |
Hydrothermal method | S. aureus (ATCC strain 29523) and E. coli (ATCC strain 29522) | Zn(AC)2.2H2O | Chitosan and PVA | uniformly distributed ZnO on the surface of the CS/PVA polymer | 20 on S. aureus | [56] |
Co-precipitation | S. aureus and P. aeruginosa | ZnSO4 | Ethylene glycol, gelatin, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyvinylpyrrolidone | ZnO NPs dispersed on capping agent and its hexagonal shape | – | [57] |
Green synthetic strategy | K. pneumoniae (MTCC3384), S. aureus (MTCC87), E. coli (MTCC41), P. mirabilis | Zn(AC)2.2H2O | – | 11-nm-sized semi-crystalline ZnO with 0.19 nm d-spacing value, | 18 on P. mirabilis | [58] |
Chemical process | E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S.Typhimurium, S. aureus | Zn(NO3)2.6H2O | – | ∼ 0.526 in the c-axis [0001] direction | – | [59] |
Pomegranate peels (punica granatum) | E. coli and S. aureus | Zn(NO3)2.6H2O | – | 50 nm hexagonal bottom-neck nanopencils | 21 on S. aureus | [60] |
Green synthesis (Anacardiumoccidentale) | E. coli and S. aureus | – | FeCl3 | 26–60-nm-sized irregular shape | – | [62] |