Table 2 A set of parameters obtained for antibacterial activities of ZnO-based composites/dopant and different optimization
From: A Review on Enhancing the Antibacterial Activity of ZnO: Mechanisms and Microscopic Investigation
Methods | Bacteria’s | Precursors used | Morphological analysis | Highest ZI (mm) | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zn | Others | SEM/TEM/HRTEM/SAED | ||||
Co-precipitation | E. coli, B. subtilis, S. aureus, S. typhi. | – | FeSO4.7H2O and (NiNO3)2.6H2O) | Crystalline 0.25 [110] α-Fe2O3 and 0.207 [200] NiO | 25 on E. coli | [66] |
Green and combustion | E. coli NCIM-5022 and S. aureus NCIM-505 | Zn(NO3)2.6H2O | Cu(NO3)2.3H2O Calotropis gigantea | 10–40-nm-sized spherical and hexagonal irregular shapes | 9 on E. coli | [67] |
Hydrothermal bottom-up approaches | E. coli DH5α | Zn(AC)2.2H2O | Tris(dimethylamino)silane | 71.7-nm-sized ZnO/SiO2 nanowires | – | [68] |
Hydrothermal and low temperature liquid phase | S. aureus (ATCC 25923) and E. coli (ATCC 25922) | Zn(NO3)2.6H2O | Tetrabutyl titanate and Ti (TA2, China) | 50–90-nm-sized nanoarray aligned rhombic prismatic shape | – | [69] |
Sol−gel | B. subtilis, S. aureus S. mutans, E. coli, K. oxytoca, P. aeruginosa | [Zn(NO3)2 | Zr(C4H9O)4 | Cluster of amorphous particles | ~ 7 on B. subtilis | [70] |
Sol-gel | E. coli ATCC 8739 , S. paratyphi ATCC 9150, S. aureus ATCC 33862 , and L. monocytogenes ATCC 15313 | Zn(NO3)2.6H2O | Titanium-(IV) butoxide, and magnesium di-tert-butoxide | ~ 100-nm-sized semi globular-ovoid shape | 18 on S. paratyphi | [71] |
Green | E. coli, Klebsiella | Zn(NO3)2.6H2O | Mg(NO3)2.6H2O and Ricinus communis L. | Granular nanoflakes | 28 mm on E. coli | [19] |
Co-precipitation technique | E. coli and S. aureus | Zn(NO3)2.6H2O | Yb(NO3)3.6H2O and Pr(NO3)3.6H2O | Highly agglomerated porous materials | 31 on S. aureus | [74] |
Co-precipitation | S. aureus and E. coli | Zn(NO3)2.6H2O | Er(NO3)3.6H2O and Yb(NO3)3.6H2O | Loosely packed porous morphology | 21 on E. coli | [75] |
Precipitation | E. coli | Zn(AC)2.2H2O | Fe(NO3)3.9H2O | ZnO nanoplates/α-Fe2O3 nanorods/Ag NPs heterostructure | – | [73] |
Co-precipitation | E. coli and S. aureus | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O | Cu(NO3)2·3H2O and Ni(NO3)2·6H2O | Agglomerated spherical NPs | – | [76] |
One-pot low-temperature solution | E. coli (ATCC 25922), A. baumannii (ATCC 19606), S. aureus (ATCC 25923), S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228), | Zn(NO3)2.6H2O | NiSO4.6H2O | 2.0 to 3.0 μm in length with 150 to 200 nm in diameters nanoroads | 24 on E. coli | [21] |
Co-precipitation | E. coli, S. aureus, B. cereus, and K. pneumoniae | Zn(NO3)2.6H2O | Ni(NO3)2.6H2O | Nanorods are decorated by NPs | 27 on B. cereus | [78] |
Two-step solution-based technique | S. aureus | Zn(AC)2.2H2O | Sodium selenite | ZnO cross bridged Se heterojunction composite | 5 cm on S. aureus | [79] |
Sonochemical | E. coli or P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and B. subtilis | Zn(NO3)2.6H2O | AgNO3 and CTMAB | 2-μm-sized ZnO Nanoflowers and Ag-NPs decorated ZnO | [23] | |
Electrospinning technique | S. aureus and E. coli | Zn(NO3)2.6H2O | FeCl3 | Optimizing the homogenous loading of Fe-doped ZnO on PVA | 19 on S. aureus | [80] |
Green | E. coli (ATCC 25922), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), B. subtilis (ATCC 6633), and S. aureus (ATCC 25923). | Zn(NO3)2.6H2O | Mn(AC)2·4H2O Melastoma malabathricum (L.) | Agglomerated spherical NPs | 15 on B. subtilis | [22] |
sol-gel | E. coli (CCTCC AB 204033) and S. aureus (ATCC 25923) | Zn(NO3)2.6H2O | Er(NO3)3·5H2O and sodium silicate | Porous with an irregular shape | – | [82] |
Aqueous microwave | E. coli and S. aureus | Zn(AC)2.2H2O | Mg alloy | Crack filled morphology after UV-irradiation | – | [83] |
Electro-deposition | S. aureus (MRSA252; ATCC) | Zn(NO3)2.6H2O | TiO2 nanotubes | ∼ 4 μm length and ∼ 50 nm diameter TiO2 nanotubes | – | [24] |
self-assembly | E. coli | Zn(AC)2.2H2O | Oleylamine | 3-μm-sized spherical cluster | – | |