Table 1 Parameters obtained from J–V curves of various QDSSCs under different lighting conditions. The values not in brackets are the experimental average of twenty group cells, and those in brackets are champion values

Single-granular Cu₂S-top

0.583 (0.602)

9.682 (9.760)

0.394 (0.430)

2.18 (2.32)

Single-granular Cu₂S-down

0.599 (0.606)

6.256 (6.336)

0.407 (0.409)

1.91 (2.00)

Single-granular Cu₂S-double

0.584 (0.592)

14.663 (14.681)

0.402 (0.413)

3.58 (3.59)

Single-flake Cu₂S-top

0.604 (0.610)

8.969 (8.978)

0.381 (0.401)

1.94 (1.98)

Single-flake Cu₂S-down

0.594 (0.607)

7.314 (7.350)

0.401 (0.410)

1.78 (1.79)

Single-flake Cu₂S-double

0.590 (0.610)

13.294 (13.308)

0.378 (0.397)

2.92 (3.09)

Double-granular Cu₂S-top

0.573 (0.585)

11.550 (11.552)

0.391 (0.399)

2.55 (2.64)

Double-granular Cu₂S-down

0.582 (0.590)

26.287 (26.332)

0.353 (0.356)

5.51 (5.53)

Double-granular Cu₂S-double

0.616 (0.629)

32.247 (32.297)

0.395 (0.408)

8.17 (8.28)

Double-flake Cu₂S-top

0.561 (0.578)

10.311 (10.418)

0.356 (0.347)

2.12 (2.21)

Double-flake Cu₂S-down

0.586 (0.605)

22.956 (23.045)

0.336 (0.359)

4.87 (5.00)

Double-flake Cu₂S-double

0.616 (0.624)

32.001 (32.012)

0.396 (0.404)

7.80 (7.68)