Nanoparticles: A New Approach to Upgrade Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

Table 1 Typical NPs preparation method

Synthesis approach	Material	Size (nm)	Method	Features	Ref
Bottom up approaches	TiO₂	6–33	Sol–gel synthesis	Continuous releasing of hydroxyl radicals and superoxide ions when exposed to ultraviolet rays	[8]
	Fe₃O₄	10	Co-precipitation	Fe₃O₄ can be excited by 808 nm infrared light to realize photothermal conversion	[9]
	PEG-Fe-PDA NP	25–43	Microemulsions	MRI imaging enhancement with pH activation, high photothermal efficiency and excellent biocompatibility	[10]
	Magnetite NPs	39	Hydrothermal approach	Small size magnetic nanoparticles with biocompatibility and superparamagnetism	[11]
	Au NPs	8–300	photochemical method	Enhanced medical diagnostic imaging	[12]
Top-down approaches	Cu-Sn oxides NPs	18–40.5	electrical wire explosion	Ability to produce reactive oxygen species	[13]
Top-down approaches	Magnetite NPs	12–20	Ball milling	Small size magnetic nanoparticles with biocompatibility	[14]