Nanoparticles: A New Approach to Upgrade Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

Table 5 Typical NPs platforms used in PDT and PTT

NPs Platform	Photosensitizers	λ (nm)	Size (nm)	Effects	Cell line	Ref
MnO₂	Chlorin e6	660	3.94	Upregulating the secretion of IL-12,IFN-γ,TNF-αInducing decomposition of tumor endogenous H2O2 to relieve tumor hypoxia	4T1 murine breast tumor	[87]
Au-liposome	None	780	100 ± 6.5	The cytotoxicity was enhanced to 90% upon laser irradiation for a duration of 5 min	B16 F10 (melanoma)	[88]
Silica-coated TiN	None	785	80	High nitridation temperatures and long residence times lead to increased NIR light absorption	HeLa cells	[89]
Silica	Verteporfin	425	160–168	Inducing singlet oxygen release 30% reduction in cell growth	SK-MEL 28 (melanoma)	[90]
Graphdiyne	None	808	160	Higher cancer inhibition rate compared both in vitro and in vivo Biocompatibility and no obvious side effects	MDA-MB-231	[91]
RCDs	chlorin e6	671	3.7	Multimodal imaging capabilities Activating PTT and PDT at the same time	MCF-7,4T1 and Hela	[92]
CuSe	non-porphyrin containing COF	808	150	Activating PTT and PDT at the same time Enhancing therapeutic effect on killing cancer cells and inhibiting the tumor growth	HeLa	[93]
HSA	ICG and chlorin e6	808	120	Preventing the side effects of active Ce6 Activating PTT and PDT at the same time	PC3	[94]

RCDs amino-rich red emissive carbon dots, COF covalent organic framework, ICG indocyanine green, HAS serum albumin