Fig. 2

Illustration of the polarization-independent electro-absorption optical modulator. a 3D Schematic diagram of the modulator; b 2D cross section of the U-structure Ge₂₃Sb₇S₇₀-graphene waveguide, distance between two graphene layer d = 50 nm, waveguide width w = 0.96 μm, height h = 0.8 μm. The electric field distribution for TE mode (c) and TM mode (d), arrows indicate the direction of polarization