Table 1 Plant extracts used for the synthesis of SnO₂NPs with their shape, size and brief experimental condition

Annona squamosa (peel)

SnCl₂·2H₂O

Reaction: 60 °C, 3 h

Drying: 160 °C, 1 h

Spherical

27.5 nm

Cytotoxic activity

[64]

Aspalathus linearis (leaf)

SnCl₄·5H₂O

Drying: 80 °C,

Annealing: 400–900 °C, 4 h

Quasi-spherical

2.5–11.40 nm

Efficient photocatalyst against methylene blue, congo red, eosin Y

[51]

Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis (leaf)

SnCl₂·2H₂O

Reaction: 60 °C, 6 h

Drying: 75 °C,

Annealing: 300–450 °C, 4 h

Spherical

3.1–6.34 nm

Excellent photocatalyst against methylene blue

[52]

Camellia sinensis (leaf)

SnCl₂

Reaction: 80 °C, 30 min

Drying: 80 °C,

Annealing: 200–800 °C

Spherical

5–30 nm

–

[53]

Calotropis gigantean (leaf)

SnCl₂·5H₂O

Drying: microwave oven;

Calcination: 400 °C, 3 h

Spherical

30–40 nm

Photocatalytic activity against methyl orange dye

[62]

Catunaregam spinosa (root)

SnCl₂

Reaction: 60 °C, 2 h

Annealing: 450 °C, 2 h

Spherical

47 nm

Efficient photocatalyst against congo red dye

[57]

Cyphomandra betacea (fruit)

SnCl₂

Reaction: 80 °C, 3 h

Annealing: 300 °C, 3 h

Spherical

20–50 nm

Excellent photocatalytic activity against methylene blue

[65]

Daphne alpina (leaf)

SnCl₄·5H₂O

Reaction: 60 °C, Drying: 120 °C

Elongated shape

19–27 nm

As adsorbent for Cd²⁺ ions

[66]

Lisea cubeba (fruit)

SnCl₂·2H₂O

Reaction: room temp., 10 min,

Drying: 50 °C, 2 h;

Irregular

30 nm

Antioxidant activity

Excellent photocatalytic activity against congo red

[67]

Persia Americana (seed)

SnCl₂

Reaction: 60 °C, 12 h;

Calcination: 300 °C, 2 h

Flake-like

4 nm

Excellent photocatalytic activity against phenolsulfonphthalein dye

[68]

Piper betle (leaf)

SnCl₂·2H₂O

Heating: 60 °C, 4 h

Calcination: 400 °C, 4 h

Spherical

8.4 nm

Excellent photocatalytic activity against reactive yellow 186 dye

[63]

Piper nigrum (seed)

SnCl₂·2H₂O

Drying: 60 °C,

Calcination: 300–900 °C, 1 h

Tetragonal

5–30 nm

Cytotoxic activity

[69]

Pruni

spinosae flos

SnCl₂·2H₂O

Reaction: 80 °C,1 h

Spherical

9 nm

Biocidal against bacteria and fungi

[70]

Psidium guajava (leaf)

SnCl₄

Stirring: 60 °C, 4 h

Calcination: 400 °C, 4 h

Spherical

8–10 nm

Photocatalytic activity against reactive yellow 186

[61]

Saccharum officinarum

(stem)

SnCl₂·2H₂O, AgNO₃,

Reaction: 100 °C, 4 h

Drying: 60 °C,

Calcination: 200 °C, 400 °C, 2 h

Spherical

8–10 nm

Antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, B. subtillis and S. pneumonia

Antioxidant activity

[71]

Trigonelle foenum-graecum (seed)

SnCl₄·5H₂O

Reaction: room temp., 5 min;

Annealing: 300–900 °C, 1 h

Spherical

2.2–3.3 nm

Antibacterial activity against E. coli

Antioxidant activity against DPPH

[72]