Table 1 A list of research done on nanocarrier neurotoxicity studies using zebrafish

1

Metal and metal oxide NPs

Au

Relates the effects of gold nanoparticles on zebrafish development, movement and survival

[64, 69,70,71,72,73,74]

Ag

Provides detailed information on the toxicity and usage of silver nanoparticles

[75]

Cu

The study highlights the fact that Cu nanoparticles are extremely toxic to the zebrafish. The toxicity primarily affects the gills

[76]

Cd

Ventures into the use of cadmium nanoparticles into various commercial applications and assessing its toxicity using zebrafish

[77]

CuO

Provides extensive information of copper oxide nanoparticles on cytotoxic impact on zebrafish

[78]

MgO

Highlights the toxic effects of magnesium oxide nanoparticles on zebrafish

[79]

NiO

Reports on the potential chronic toxicity caused by nickel oxide nanoparticles and the negative impact on the aquatic population dynamics

[80]

ZnO

Brings to light the high toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles on zebrafish development. Presses on the need for eco-toxic evaluation of these nanoparticles

[81, 82]

2

Magnetic NPs

Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticle exposure in adult zebrafish caused perturbations in neurotransmitter levels

[83]

Dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in brain of adult zebrafish alter acetylcholine esterase activity

[84]

In this study toxicity of Iron oxide NPs on the aquatic environment has been studied extensively

[85]

Study highlights the toxicity of iron oxide nanoparticle on the developmental stages of zebrafish

[85]

3

Graphene oxide nanosheets

Unfolds new technique for evaluating toxicity of nanomaterials by the use of fluorescence

[86]

4

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs)

Reports on the extensive bioaccumulation and toxicity caused by plastic nanomaterials on the aquatic life

[87]

5

Plastic NPs

The study suggests plastic NPs cause abnormal locomotor ability in the zebrafish

[88]

6

Polymeric NPs and nanocapsules

Passage of the polymeric and PEGylated-PLA NP across the BBB and bioavailability in the brain was assessed in a zebrafish model

[89]

Transport of PEGylated-PLA nanoparticles across the blood–brain barrier model, entry into neuronal cells and in vivo brain bioavailability

[90]

Conjugated polymer NPs have been used for neuroimaging and assessing dopamine levels in the brains of zebrafish larvae

[91]

7

Exosomes

Exosomes derived from brain endothelial cells can be used to carry drug into the brain

[92]

Exosomes were used to deliver siRNA in the zebrafish brain to treat brain cancer

[93]

8

Liposomes

This study highlights liposome-mediated drug delivery to regulate macrophage function in the zebrafish larvae

[94]

Injecting drug loaded liposomes in the zebrafish larvae to deliver drug to the macrophage cells

[95]

Injecting clodronate via liposomes to obtain macrophage clearance in the zebrafish model

[96]

The study performed in zebrafish model allows prediction of nanoparticle cell interactions and persistence time in mice models

[97]

This study highlights the use of zebrafish as screening model for liposome-mediated clearance of macrophage cells

[98]

9

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs)

The study reports the effect of zirconium-porphyrin metal–organic framework on zebrafish neurodevelopment

[99]

Acute toxicity of Copper MOFs were analysed using zebrafish model

[100]

This is an extensive comparative study of toxicity of sixteen uncoated MOFs in the zebrafish

[101]

10

Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)

Zebrafish exposed to single-walled CNTs were assessed for neurotoxicity in terms of change in levels of neurotransmitter, antioxidants, gene expression and biochemical responses

[102, 103]

Developmental toxicity and biological response of multiwalled CNTs were studied in zebrafish embryos and larvae

[104]

Biospectroscopy techniques were employed to study the effects of real-world CNPs exposed to zebrafish brain and gonads

[105]

Perturbations in the metabolomic profile of zebrafish exposed to CNTs were studied

[106]

Carbon NPs from diet have been found to cause genomic hypermethylation of the zebrafish brain

[107]

11

Quantum dots

Graphene oxide quantum dots inhibit neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in zebrafish larvae

[108]

The potentials of transferrin conjugated carbon dots in crossing the BBB were analysed using the zebrafish model

[109]

Quantum dots have been used as labelling agents in the zebrafish embryos

[110]