Fig. 1

Characterization of BPs. A Size distribution of black phosphorus nanoparticles (BPs); B zeta potential report of BPs with a zeta potential of − 23.7 ± 0.65 mV; C scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the BP nanosheets (BPNs). D Raman spectra of BPs; E X-ray diffractogram and F P 2p high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of BPs; G XPS spectra of BPs