Table 2 Successful application of nanocomposites for biotic stress tolerance

Fungus

Bipolaris sorokiniana

AgNPs biosynthesized with Serratia sp.

Spot blotch pathogen of wheat

Enhance lignification of vascular bundles

[92]

Gloeophyllum abietinum

Green-synthesize AgNPs extracted with turnip leaf

Wood-rotting

Inhibit the conidia development

[184]

Phytophthora capsici

Ag core-DHPAC shell nanocluster

Blight diseases in Solanaceae

Reduce mycelial growth and sporangial production

[185]

Escherichia coli, Bacillus

Subtilis and F. oxysporum

Cu(OH)₂NPs

Corn leaf blight

Decrease number of conidia

[125]

F. oxysporum

Cu₃(PO₄)₂·3H₂O nanosheets

Root fungal disease in watermelon

Inhibit the fungus growth

[125]

F. graminearum

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and fullerene

Fusarium head blight in wheat

Inhibit spore germination of Fusarium graminearum

[96]

F. oxysporum

CeO₂NPs

Panama disease

Enhance antioxidant enzyme activity

[186]

Aspergillus spp.

SiNPs

Black mold

Inhibit fungus proliferation

[187]

R. solani

Calcium carbonate

Brown rot of stems

Reduce rot growth and recover sucrose level

[188]

Phytophthora

Green-synthesize AgNPs extracted with Artemisia absinthium

Seed rots

Effect zoospore development

[189]

Bacteria

X. perforans

Ag nanoparticles along with graphene oxide

Bacterial spot of tomato

Significantly decrease the activity of X. perforans

[190]

B. sorokiniana

AgNPs biosynthesized with Serratia sp.

Spot blotch pathogen of wheat

Inhibit conidial germination

[191]

Clavibacter michiganensis

CuNPs and K₂SiO₃NPs

Bacterial ring rot in potato

Decrease bacterial cell viability

[192]

X. perforans

Photochemically

active TiO₂NPs

Spot disease in tomato

Due to high photocatalytic activity, reduction in bacterial spot

[193]

Ralstonia solanacearum

MgONPs

Vascular wilt disease

Inhibit bacterial activity

[185]

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris

Silver (Ag) NPs

Bacterial blight

Enhance antioxidant enzyme activity

[194]

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Chitosan NP

Disease in Chile

Inhibition growth of mycelia

[195]

A. alternata

Chitosan NP

Leaf spot

Inhibit spore germination

[83]

Xanthomonas alfalfae

Synthesized Mg(OH)₂NPs

Bacterial leaf spot

Significantly decrease the activity of X. alfalfae

[11]

Insects

Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi

Microbial synthesized Ag, Au, and ZnO-NPs

Epithelial cell, midgut, cortex damage, and thorax shape change

[196]

Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens

Ag synthesized using Cassia fistula extract

Total protein level, acetylcholinesterase, and α- and decreased activity of ß-carboxylesterase

[197]

Chironomus riparius

AgNPs

Modulates GST genes expression, upregulated mRNA expression in delta3, Sigma4 and Epsilon1 GST class

[198]

C. riparius

AgNPs

Downregulated activity of ribosomal gene protein, activation of gonadotrophin through upregulation of Balbiani ring protein gene (CrBR2.2) and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone gene (CrGnRH1)

[198]

C. riparius

AgNPs

Enhance expression of epsilon-1, sigma-4, and delta-3 and transcript levels of catalase, thioredoxin reductase 1, Mn superoxide dismutase

[198]

Drosophila melanogaster

AgNPs

Reduce Cu-dependent enzyme activity, couple with membrane-bound Cu transport protein results in Cu sequestration

[199]

D. melanogaster

AgNPs

Cause pigmentation defects and flies locomotive ability

[200]

D. melanogaster

AgNPs

DNA-damage, autophagy, ROS-mediated apoptosis

[201]

D. melanogaster

Ag and TiO₂ NPs

Effect developmental processes of flies

[202]

Sitophilus oryzae

Nanostructured Al₂O₃

Absorbing wax layer that results in insect dehydration

[93]

Aedes albopictus

Ag NPs prepared using 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid and salicylic acid

Total protein, esterase, phosphatase, and acetylcholine esterase enzyme activity decreased

[203]