Advances and Challenges of Fluorescent Nanomaterials for Synthesis and Biomedical Applications

Table 2 Pathogen detection methods and properties of FNMs

Type of FNMs	Analytes	Mechanism	Detection limit	Ref
QDs	Escherichia coli	Antibody-conjugated	10⁻³ cfu/ml	[117]
	Salmonella typhimurium	Antibody-conjugated	10⁻³ cfu/ml	[117]
	Shigella flexneri	Antibody-conjugated	10⁻³ cfu/ml	[117]
	Respiratory Syncytial Virus	Protein labeling	35–50 pfu/ml	[118]
	Bacillus thuringiensis Spores	Analyte-conjugated	1,000 cfu/ml	[120]
	Cryptosporidium parvum	Antibody-conjugated	N.A	[121]
	Giardia lamblia	Antibody-conjugated	N.A	[121]
	V. parahaemolyticus	Chromatophores labeling	7 cfu/ml	[122]
	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	FRET	100 cfu/ml	[123]
Silica NPs	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Antibody-conjugated	3.5 × 10³ cells/ml	[119]
AUNPs	Shigella spp.	probe-modified	10³ cells/ml	[124]
AgNCs	Escherichia coli	DNA-modified	60 cfu/ml	[125]
MNPs	Shigella spp.	DNA-modified	10³ cells/ml	[124]
UCNPs	E. coli ATCC 8739	FERT	3 cfu/ml	[126]