Table 1 Comparison of sensing performance between present MQDs and previous materials

Carbon dots from a-CD

–

6.5

Rasoulzadeh et al. [38]

N,P-co-doped CQDs

–

20

Sahu et al. [39]

CQDs from L-glutamic acid

–

4.67

Shi et al. [40]

Carbazole-based Schiff-base

8.33 × 10⁴ M⁻¹

3.02

Li et al. [41]

PHBS sensor

2 × 10⁶ M⁻¹

170

Sayed et al. [42]

DMSO-MQDs

–

0.31

Liu et al. [13]

Present MQDs

0.6377 mM⁻¹

1.4

This work