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Table 1 The advantages and disadvantages of various nanoparticle systems

From: Nanoscale Drug Delivery Systems in Glioblastoma

 

Advantages

Disadvantages

Carbon nanotubes

Wide surface area for efficient drug loading

High cell permeability

Chemical inertness

Flexible functionalization

Latent toxicity (Carcinogenicity)

Hydrophobicity

Immunogenicity

Inferior dispersion in body fluid

Graphene-based nanomaterials

Large surface area

Acceptable biocompatibility

Excellent physical properties

Facile functionalization

Hydrophobicity

Immunogenicity

Potential accumulation

Carbon dots

Simple synthetic materials

Diverse synthetic methods

Great biocompatibility

Photoluminescence

Autofluorescence under UV and damage to adjacent tissues

Deficiency of information about the delivery mechanisms

Metal–organic frameworks

Extremely large surface area

Easy synthesis and modification

Stimuli-responsive system

Relative instability

Underlying toxicity

Agglomeration

Poor dispersion

Liposomes

Excellent biocompatibility

Broad adaptability

Low immunogenicity

Facile fabrication method

Rapid clearance

Low stability

Low transfection rate

Mesoporous silica

Tailorable mesoporous structure

Larger surface area and pore volume

Well biocompatibility

Burst release

Poor stability

Rapid elimination

Gold nanoparticles

Ultra-small sizes

Tunable structures

Excellent optical properties

Poor elimination rate (retention)

Potential toxicity

Non-biodegradability

Polymeric micelles

Minimal size

Self-assembly

pH-sensitive

Well biocompatibility

Rapid clearance

Off-target effect

Dissociation

Secondary aggregation

Dendrimers

Small size

High molecular uniformity and monodispersity

Ease of surface modification

Nonimmunogenicity

Nondegradability

Cytotoxicity affected by generations and cationic surface

Nanogel

Excellent biocompatibility

High stability

Large drug loading efficiency

Stimulus-responsive capacity

Controlled release

Clearance in circulation

Uptake by mononuclear phagocytic system

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