Table 1 Summary of properties and nanoelectronic applications of conductive gels
From: RETRACTED ARTICLE: Conductive Gels: Properties and Applications of Nanoelectronics
Conductive components | Materials | Optical property | Application | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Metallic nanoparticles/nanowires | Ag/Au/Cu nanoparticles | Transparent or semitransparent | Biosensor drug delivery, tissue engineering | |
Carbon-based materials | CNTs | Mostly black or semitransparent | Strain sensor, tissue engineering, biosensor, supercapacitor, drug delivery | [99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113] |
Carbon-based materials | GO/rGO/graphene | Mostly black or semitransparent | Strain sensor, tissue engineering, biosensor, supercapacitor, drug delivery | [99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113] |
Conducting polymers | Polyaniline | Mostly black and rarely transparent | Tissue engineering, biosensor, drug delivery, supercapacitor, bioelectrode, strain sensor | [114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139] |
Conducting polymers | Polypyrrole | Mostly black and rarely transparent | Tissue engineering, biosensor, drug delivery, supercapacitor, bioelectrode, strain sensor | [114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135, 140,141,142,143] |
Conducting polymers | PEDOT:PSS | Mostly black and rarely transparent | Tissue engineering, biosensor, drug delivery, supercapacitor, bioelectrode, strain sensor | [114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135, 144,145,146,147] |
Hybrid | Pt/Ag/(GO + rGO)/SWCNTs + polyaniline | Usually black or semitransparent | Biosensor, battery, fuel cell, supercapacitor, tissue engineering, pressure sensor, strain sensor | [148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163] |
Hybrid | Au/(Fe + Co)/Fe3O4/CNTs + polypyrrole | Usually black or semitransparent | Biosensor, battery, fuel cell, supercapacitor, tissue engineering, pressure sensor, strain sensor | [148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160, 164,165,166,167] |
Hybrid | Graphene/GO + Ni/Ni(OH)2 | Usually black or semitransparent | Biosensor, battery, fuel cell, supercapacitor, tissue engineering, pressure sensor, strain sensor | [148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160, 168,169,170,171,172] |
Hybrid | GO + PEDOT:PSS | Usually black or semitransparent | Biosensor, battery, fuel cell, supercapacitor, tissue engineering, pressure sensor, strain sensor | |
Hybrid | GO + CuS + carbon dot | Usually black or semitransparent | Biosensor, battery, fuel cell, supercapacitor, tissue engineering, pressure sensor, strain sensor | [148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160, 173,174,175] |
Acids | H2SO4/H3PO4 | Transparent | Supercapacitor | |
Metallic salts | LiCl/Na+/Ca2+ | Transparent or semitransparent | Supercapacitor, solar cell, nanogenerator, actuator, electronic eel/fish, displays, touch panels, pressure sensor, strain sensor, biosensor | [180,181,182, 188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221] |
Metallic salts | Al3+/Fe3+/Tb3+/K+ | Transparent or semitransparent | Supercapacitor, solar cell, nanogenerator, actuator, electronic eel/fish, displays, touch panels, pressure sensor, strain sensor, biosensor | [183,184,185, 188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221] |
Metallic salts | Na2S + sulfur + NaOH | Transparent or semitransparent | Supercapacitor, solar cell, nanogenerator, actuator, electronic eel/fish, displays, touch panels, pressure sensor, strain sensor, biosensor | [186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221, 227–230] |
Ionic liquids | Ionic liquids | 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride | Semitransparent | [222] |
Electron conductive | Na++ Au nanoparticles | Usually black or opaque | Supercapacitor, biosensor, pressure sensor, battery strain sensor, tissue engineering | [223] |
components and ions | HCl/HClO4/(Na++ SWCNTs) + polyaniline | Supercapacitor, biosensor, pressure sensor, battery strain sensor, tissue engineering |