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Table 1 Summary of properties and nanoelectronic applications of conductive gels

From: RETRACTED ARTICLE: Conductive Gels: Properties and Applications of Nanoelectronics

Conductive components

Materials

Optical property

Application

References

Metallic nanoparticles/nanowires

Ag/Au/Cu nanoparticles

Transparent or semitransparent

Biosensor drug delivery, tissue engineering

[85, 87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98]

Carbon-based materials

CNTs

Mostly black or semitransparent

Strain sensor, tissue engineering, biosensor, supercapacitor, drug delivery

[99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113]

Carbon-based materials

GO/rGO/graphene

Mostly black or semitransparent

Strain sensor, tissue engineering, biosensor, supercapacitor, drug delivery

[99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113]

Conducting polymers

Polyaniline

Mostly black and rarely transparent

Tissue engineering, biosensor, drug delivery, supercapacitor, bioelectrode, strain sensor

[114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139]

Conducting polymers

Polypyrrole

Mostly black and rarely transparent

Tissue engineering, biosensor, drug delivery, supercapacitor, bioelectrode, strain sensor

[114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135, 140,141,142,143]

Conducting polymers

PEDOT:PSS

Mostly black and rarely transparent

Tissue engineering, biosensor, drug delivery, supercapacitor, bioelectrode, strain sensor

[114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135, 144,145,146,147]

Hybrid

Pt/Ag/(GO + rGO)/SWCNTs + polyaniline

Usually black or semitransparent

Biosensor, battery, fuel cell, supercapacitor, tissue engineering, pressure sensor, strain sensor

[148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163]

Hybrid

Au/(Fe + Co)/Fe3O4/CNTs + polypyrrole

Usually black or semitransparent

Biosensor, battery, fuel cell, supercapacitor, tissue engineering, pressure sensor, strain sensor

[148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160, 164,165,166,167]

Hybrid

Graphene/GO + Ni/Ni(OH)2

Usually black or semitransparent

Biosensor, battery, fuel cell, supercapacitor, tissue engineering, pressure sensor, strain sensor

[148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160, 168,169,170,171,172]

Hybrid

GO + PEDOT:PSS

Usually black or semitransparent

Biosensor, battery, fuel cell, supercapacitor, tissue engineering, pressure sensor, strain sensor

[148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160]

Hybrid

GO + CuS + carbon dot

Usually black or semitransparent

Biosensor, battery, fuel cell, supercapacitor, tissue engineering, pressure sensor, strain sensor

[148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160, 173,174,175]

Acids

H2SO4/H3PO4

Transparent

Supercapacitor

[176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187]

Metallic salts

LiCl/Na+/Ca2+

Transparent or semitransparent

Supercapacitor, solar cell, nanogenerator, actuator, electronic eel/fish, displays, touch panels, pressure sensor, strain sensor, biosensor

[180,181,182, 188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221]

Metallic salts

Al3+/Fe3+/Tb3+/K+

Transparent or semitransparent

Supercapacitor, solar cell, nanogenerator, actuator, electronic eel/fish, displays, touch panels, pressure sensor, strain sensor, biosensor

[183,184,185, 188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221]

Metallic salts

Na2S + sulfur + NaOH

Transparent or semitransparent

Supercapacitor, solar cell, nanogenerator, actuator, electronic eel/fish, displays, touch panels, pressure sensor, strain sensor, biosensor

[186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221, 227230]

Ionic liquids

Ionic liquids

1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride

Semitransparent

[222]

Electron conductive

Na++ Au nanoparticles

Usually black or opaque

Supercapacitor, biosensor, pressure sensor, battery strain sensor, tissue engineering

[223]

components and ions

HCl/HClO4/(Na++ SWCNTs) + polyaniline

 

Supercapacitor, biosensor, pressure sensor, battery strain sensor, tissue engineering

[224,225,226]

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