A Brief Review of Carbon Dots–Silica Nanoparticles Synthesis and their Potential Use as Biosensing and Theragnostic Applications

Table 5 Diverse synthesis routes for silica–CD nanoparticles and biosensing applications

CD synthesis method	Synthesis method for silica–carbon nanoparticles	Biosensing/theragnostic	Refs.
Organosilane pyrolysis	Organosilane pyrolysis	Vanadium(V) detection	[166]
One-pot solvothermal	One-pot solvothermal	Fe3 + detection and cancer/normal cell differentiation	[167]
Organosilane pyrolysis	Stöber/molecularly imprinted silica	Sensing of rhodamine 6G	[168]
Microwave irradiation	Reverse microemulsion	Photocatalyst for highly selective solar fuel production from CO₂	[169]
One-pot copolycondensation/solgel	One-pot copolycondensation/solgel	Temperature sensing and cell labeling	[170]
Hydrothermal	Solgel	Cu2 + ion detection	[171]
Organosilane pyrolysis	Solgel	Nitride sensing in food	[172]
One-step hydrothermal method	Solgel/molecularly imprinted silica	Anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib detection	[173]