Fig. 4
Mechanism of the photothermal tumor ablation and the tumor metastasis inhibition by AuNRs-PTT. A Targeting integrin could affect the actin cytoskeleton and cell junctions to result in the inhibition of cancer cell collective migration. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [85]. Copyright 2018, ACS Publication. B Schematic diagram explaining the molecular apoptosis mechanisms involved in altering phenylalanine metabolism as induced by PTT. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [90]. Copyright 2016, ACS Publication. C A model for HSP70 inhibitor optimized PTT. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [91]. Copyright 2016, Elsevier. D Mechanistic scheme. Mitochondrial dynamic scheme in the absence (a) and presence (b) of AuNRs. The four mitochondrial complexes are labeled as I, II, III, and IV. In the scheme, Mn-superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), peroxiredoxin (Prx), thioredoxin (TSH), glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), thioredoxin reductase (TR), ubiquinone (Q), cytochrome c (CyT), and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPT) are shown. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [95]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. E F-AuNRs-mediated disruption of actin filaments in actin-GFP (green) transfected KB cells. (a) KB cell with internalized F-AuNRs (red) before cw laser irradiation. (b) Membrane blebbing accompanied by redistribution of actin-GFP and loss of fluorescence, after an 81.4-s exposure to cw irradiation at 90 mW. (c, d) KB cells without F-AuNRs, which did not experience membrane blebbing after exposure to cw irradiation at 90 mW. (e) Histogram showing the decrease in actin-GFP fluorescence intensity in cells with and without F-AuNRs labeling (N = 5) after cw irradiation. The minor reduction in fluorescence in cells without F-AuNRs labeling is attributed to photobleaching. (f) Blebbing, redistribution of actin-GFP, and loss of fluorescence in KB cells after 2-h treatment with cytochalasin D (5 μg/mL). Bar = 10 μm. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [93]. Copyright 2007, Wiley Online Library. F Illustration of the interaction of dendritic cells (DCs) and photothermally ablated tumor cells in gold nanorod–gelatin composite porous scaffolds. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [98]. Copyright 2019, MDPI (Basel, Switzerland)