Fig. 5

a OCV of the Li–S cells coupled with pristine Li or RI||Li. The S-OCV is marked by dashed line. b OCV obtained from cells with pristine Li (faint yellow) or RI||Li (nattier blue) as a function of time. c Leakage current of cells with pristine Li (faint yellow) or RI||Li (nattier blue) during the 3 V constant-voltage floating test. Voltage plateaus of Li–S pouch cells before d and after e the Li anode was stored in dry room for 7 days and f the corresponding cycling performance. The solid curves in voltage profiles represent the Li–S pouch cells with RI||Li, otherwise are pristine Li. g Digital photographs of the realistic pouch cell applied in driving the electric car