Figure 23

Wafer-scale nanoparticle placement with electrostatic funneling. (A) A schematic of the electrostatic interaction energy in an aqueous solution for a negatively charged nanoparticle near a substrate surface functionalized with positively and negatively charged molecules. (B) The nanoparticles (red dots) are guided to the centers of positively charged lines (of width W ∼100 nm) where the interaction energy is minimum. (Reprinted with permission from Reference [82]. Copyright 2007 American Chemical Society.)