Table 4 Experiments focusing on Convection heat transfer
From: Anomalous heat transfer modes of nanofluids: a review based on statistical analysis
Paper Reference No | keff/kNF Conduction | keff/kNF Convection/mixed | NP material | NP size, (nm unless specified) | BF material | F,(vol% unless specified) | T test, (K) | Experimental Apparatus Index No | Mechanism Index No | µNF/µBF | Flow Status | Effects of Gravity | PBHT | CHT | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[43] | - | Al2O3 | - | engine oil | 4.4wt | - | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4WD rotary blade coupling | |
[43] | - | >1 | CuO | - | 4.4 wt | - | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
[81] | 1.03 | - | CuO | - | 60:40 EG/water | 1.0 | 293 | 1 | - | 1.14 | - | - | - | - | theoretical investigation |
[81] | 1.06 | - | CuO | 29 | 2.0 | 293 | 1 | - | 1.27 | - | - | - | - | ||
[81] | 1.09 | - | CuO | 29 | 3.0 | 293 | 1 | - | 1.69 | - | - | - | - | ||
[81] | 1.09 | 1.18 | SiO2 | 50 | 6.0 | 293 | 1 | - | 1.33 | - | - | - | - | ||
[81] | 1.09 | - | SiO2 | 20 | 6.0 | 293 | 1 | - | 1.41 | - | - | - | - | ||
[81] | 1.09 | - | SiO2 | 100 | 6.0 | 293 | 1 | - | 1.21 | - | - | - | - | ||
[81] | 1.12 | - | CuO | 29 | 4.0 | 293 | 1 | - | 2.12 | - | - | - | - | ||
[81] | 1.15 | - | CuO | 29 | 5.0 | 293 | 1 | - | 2.60 | - | - | - | - | ||
[81] | 1.21 | 1.75 | CuO | 29 | 6.0 | 293 | 1 | - | 3.49 | - | - | - | - | ||
[81] | 1.22 | 1.36 | Al2O3 | 53 | 6.0 | 293 | 1 | - | 1.80 | - | - | - | - | ||
[75] | - | >1 | Al2O3 | varying | water | 4.0 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | theoretical investigation - 2 phase approach showed the smaller the diameter the greater the HTC |
[12] | - | 1.15 | Al2O3 | <100 | water | 4.0 | 314 | 1 | 6 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | theoretical investigation - 1 phase approach |
[32] | - | - | TiO2 | 21 | water | 0.2 | - | 1 | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | negligible HT conduction increase |
[60] | - | >1 | Al2O3 | 45 | 50:50 EG/water | - | - | 2,3 | - | <1 | - | - | - | - | - |
[84] | - | >1 | Al2O3 | 36 | water | 2.8 | - | 5 | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | jet impingement experiment |
[17] | - | >1 | Cu | 42 | water | 1.0 | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | theoretical investigation - 2 phase model |
[41] | - | 1.12 | Al2O3 | 20 | water | 0.2 | - | 1 | 1,6 | - | 1 | - | - | - | values recorded here for an averaged Pecklet number |
[41] | - | 1.13 | Al2O3 | 20 | water | 0.5 | - | 1 | 1,6 | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
[41] | - | 1.15 | Al2O3 | 20 | water | 1.0 | - | 1 | 1,6 | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
[41] | - | 1.22 | Al2O3 | 20 | water | 1.5 | - | 1 | 1,6 | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
[41] | - | 1.30 | Al2O3 | 20 | water | 2.0 | - | 1 | 1,6 | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
[41] | - | 1.35 | Al2O3 | 20 | water | 2.5 | - | 1 | 1,6 | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
[18] | 1.15 | - | Al2O3 | - | water | 5.0 | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | geometry dependent augmentation/deterioration |
[18] | 1.156342 | geometry dependent | Al2O3 | - | HFE 7100 | 5 | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
[99] | - | 1.03 | ZrO2 | 50 | water | 1.32 | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
[99] | - | 1.27 | Al2O3 | 50 | water | 6 | - | 1 | - | 7.2 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
[106] | - | 1.08 | Al2O3 | 30 | water | 0.3 | - | 1 | 1,7 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
[19] | - | >1 | Al2O3 | - | HFC134a | 0.1%wt | - | 5 | - | <1 | - | - | - | - | MO: mineral oil used for lubrication inside HFC134a refrigerant fluid along with NPs.Conventionally Polyol- ester (POE) is used as a lubricant |
[19] | - | >1 | TiO2 | - | 0.1%wt | - | 5 | - | <1 | - | - | - | - | MO: mineral oil used for lubrication inside HFC134a refrigerant fluid along with NPs.Conventionally Polyol-ester (POE) is used as a lubricant. Same effect when using the same size Al2O3 NP | |
[13] | - | >1 | Al2O3 | - | water | 0.1 | - | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | theoretical investigation - 2 phase approach, smaller diameter, better effects, larger skin friction |
[14] | 1.04 | 1.11 | Al2O3 | 150 | water | 4%wt | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | fully developed region values used here |
[14] | 1.06 | 1.25 | Al2O3 | 45 | water | 4%wt | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
[74] | - | >1 | Al2O3 | 10 | water | 2 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | theoretical investigation - 2 phase approach-fully developed region values recorded here |
[74] | - | >1 | Al2O3 | 10 | water | 4 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | |
[74] | - | >1 | Al2O3 | 10 | water | 7 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | |
[20] | - | 1.12 | Al2O3 | 100 | water | 1 | - | 1 | 1,6 | 1.419 | 1 | - | - | - | |
[20] | - | 1.187 | Al2O3 | 100 | water | 4 | - | 1 | 1,6 | 1.92 | 1 | - | - | - | |
[47] | - | 1.32 | Al2O3 | 170 | water | 1.8 | 300 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | average values used |
[40] | - | >1 | TiO2 | 95 | water | 0.6 | 300 | 1 | 8 | - | 1 | - | - | - | theoretical investigation 1phase and Langrange & Euler methods used |
[40] | - | >1 | TiO2 | 145 | water | 0.6 | 300 | 1 | 8 | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
[40] | - | >1 | TiO2 | 210 | water | 0.6 | 300 | 1 | 8 | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
[10] | - | 1.3 | Cu | - | water | 10 | - | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | theoretical investigation |
[10] | - | >1 | Ag | - | water | - | - | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
[10] | - | >1 | Al2O3 | - | water | - | - | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
[10] | - | >1 | CuO | - | water | - | - | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
[10] | - | >1 | TiO2 | - | water | - | - | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
[77] | 1.028192 | 1 | Al2O3 | 36 | water | 1 | 300 | 1 | - | 1.025 | 1,2 | - | - | - | No boiling values recorded |
[77] | 1.030973 | 1 | Al2O3 | 36 | HFE 7100 | 1 | 300 | 1 | - | 1.025 | 1,2 | - | - | - | |
[77] | 1.058043 | 1 | Al2O3 | 36 | water | 2 | 300 | 1 | - | 1.050 | 1,2 | - | - | - | |
[77] | 1.061947 | 1 | Al2O3 | 36 | HFE 7100 | 2 | 300 | 1 | - | 1.050 | 1,2 | - | - | - | |
[77] | 1.087894 | 1 | Al2O3 | 36 | water | 3 | 300 | 1 | - | 1.075 | 1,2 | - | - | - | |
[77] | 1.09292 | 1 | Al2O3 | 36 | HEF 7100 | 3 | 300 | 1 | - | 1.075 | 1,2 | - | - | - | |
[77] | 1.119403 | 1 | Al2O3 | 36 | Water | 4 | 300 | 1 | - | 1.100 | 1,2 | - | - | - | |
[77] | 1.125369 | 1 | Al2O3 | 36 | HFE 7100 | 4 | 300 | 1 | - | 1.100 | 1,2 | - | - | - | |
[77] | 1.149254 | 1 | Al2O3 | 36 | water | 5 | 300 | 1 | - | 1.124 | 1,2 | - | - | - | |
[77] | 1.125369 | 1 | Al2O3 | 36 | HFE 7100 | 4 | 300 | 1 | - | 1.100 | 1,2 | - | - | - | |
[77] | 1.149254 | 1 | Al2O3 | 36 | water | 5 | 300 | 1 | - | 1.124 | 1,2 | - | - | - | |
[77] | 1.157817 | 1 | Al2O3 | 36 | HFE 7100 | 5 | 300 | 1 | - | 1.125 | 1,2 | - | - | - | |
[95] | 1.028333 | - | Al2O3 | 42 | water | 1 | 294 | 6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | theoretical investigation |
[95] | 1.058333 | - | Al2O3 | 42 | Water | 2 | 294 | 6 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
[95] | 1.088333 | - | Al2O3 | 42 | water | 3 | 294 | 6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
[95] | 1.118333 | - | Al2O3 | 42 | water | 4 | 294 | 6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
[52] | - | <1 | Al2O3 | 43.5 | water | 1 | - | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
[52] | - | <1 | CuO | 11.05 | water | 1 | - | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
[52] | - | <1 | JS Clay discs | 25diax1thick nes | water | 1 | - | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
[101] | - | >1 | Cu | 100 | water | - | - | 6 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |