Table 2 Thermophysical properties of nanofluids

Density

ρ_nf = ϕρ_p + (1 - ϕ)ρ_bf

-

Specific heat

(ρC_nf) = ϕ(ρC_p)_p + (1 - ϕ) (ρC_p)_bf

[21]

Dynamic viscosity

μ_nf = μ_bf (T) (1 + 2.5ϕ)

Water/Cu, gold, CNT, grapheme

[22]

μ_nf = μ_bf (T) (1 + 39.11ϕ + 533.9ϕ²)

Water/alumina

[11]

μ_nf = μ_bf (T) (1 + 5.45ϕ + 108.2ϕ²)

Water/titania

[11]

μ_nf = μ_bf (T) (1 + 56.5ϕ)

Water/silica

[23]

μ_nf = μ_bf (T) (1 + 11ϕ)

EG/Cu, gold, CNT, grapheme

[24]

μ_nf = μ_bf (T) (1 - 0.19ϕ + 3.6ϕ²)

EG/alumina

[25]

μ_nf = μ_bf (T) (1 + 10.6ϕ + 112.36ϕ²)

EG/titania

[26]

EG/silica

[27]

Thermal conductivity

k_nf - k_bf = k_bf (0.764ϕ + 0.0186T - 0.46215)

Water/alumina, EG/alumina

[17]

k_nf = k_bf (1 + 2.92ϕ - 11.99ϕ²)

Water/titania, EG/titania

[11]

Other nanofluids

Maxwell's model