Figure 3From: Immobilization of pamidronic acids on the nanotube surface of titanium discs and their interaction with bone cellsXRD patterns of (a) Ti substrate and (b) heat-treated TiO 2 nanotubes for 3 h at 350°C in air. The nanotubes were formed at an applied potential of 25 V for 2 h in 1 M H3PO4 + 0.3 M HF solution at 20°C.Back to article page