Figure 1

Schematic diagram of three-dimensional MD model of single-crystal copper for nanoindentation with hemispherical indenter after nanocutting. The size of the control volume is L _X  × L _Y  × L _Z  = 27.112 nm × 12.65 nm × 18.07 nm. In all the calculations, the velocity of the diamond tool v _c  = 200 ms⁻¹ and the velocity of the indenter v _i  = 30 ms⁻¹.