Natural convection heat transfer of nanofluids along a vertical plate embedded in porous medium

Table 5 Variation in average Nusselt number and average skin friction coefficient with concentration at 303 K

Φ	Nu_avg	Percentage increase in Nu_avg at steady state	Cf_avg (10³)	Percentage increase in Cf_avg at steady state
0	7.3157	-	1.7009	-
0.01	7.5058	2.60	1.7150	0.36
0.02	7.5363	3.02	1.7154	0.38
0.025	7.5313	2.95	1.7150	0.36
0.04	7.4612	1.99	1.7130	0.24

ε = 0.72, diameter of Cu powder = 470 μm, length of plate = 0.04 m, permeability = 7 × 10⁻⁹, T (plate) = 303 K, d_p = 10 nm (Al₂O₃ + H₂O).