Figure 4From: Fabrication of nanochannels with ladder nanostructure at the bottom using AFM nanoscratching methodSchematic of the nanochannel scratching with V stage and V tip in the opposite direction when V stage < V tip. Schematic of the machining state after ( a ) one, ( b ) two, and ( c ) three AFM scanning cycles. ( d ) Schematic of the cross section of the machined nanochannel with the typical condition of N = 1.Back to article page