Table 1 CDI performances of various electrode materials
From: Preparation and Application of Electrodes in Capacitive Deionization (CDI): a State-of-Art Review
Electrodes | Specific surface area (m2/g) | Initial conductivity (μS/cm) | Initial concentration (mg/L) | Percent of salt removed (%) | Applied voltage (V) | Ion capacity (mg/g) | Operation time (min) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Activated carbon powder | 844 | 51.2 | – | – | 1.2 | 0.25 | 28 | [33] |
1491/1594 | 100 | – | – | 0.8 | 0.27 | 90 | [63] | |
3073 | – | 1170 | 55 | 1.0 | – | 10 | [110] | |
1792 | 30 | |||||||
1501 | 20 | |||||||
984 | 117 | – | 96.7 | 1.2 | 2.6 | 72 | [39] | |
1260 | – | 200 | 77.8 | 1.5 | – | 180 | [36] | |
730 | – | 60 | – | 1.2 | 0.13 | [93] | ||
100 | 6.1 | |||||||
200 | 8 | |||||||
500 | 9.72 | |||||||
1153 | 1000 | – | 1.2 | 10.8 | 180 | [111] | ||
1500 | 11 | |||||||
2000 | 11.76 | |||||||
Activated carbon/titania | 546 | – | 500 | 44.9 | 1.2 | – | 200 | [47] |
Carbon cloth | 1500 | – | 550 | – | 1.1 | 10.0 | 100 | [41] |
5500 | – | 1.1 | 7.7 | |||||
Activated carbon cloth | 1980 | – | 5.85 | 1 | 1.75 | [94] | ||
Activated carbon cloth/titania | 1890 | 1 | 4.68 | |||||
Activated carbon nanofiber | 670 | – | 4000 | – | 1.2 | 8.9 | 80 | [103] |
712 | 192 | – | 36.5 | 1.6 | 4.64 | 160 | [112] | |
Activated carbon/ion-exchange resin | – | 2000 | – | 60 | 1.4 | – | 18 | [35] |
Carbon aerogels | 400–1100 | 100 | – | – | 1.2 | 3.33 | 30 | [54] |
602 | – | 140 | – | 1.2 | 4.51 | [113] | ||
610 | 101.6 | – | 48 | 1.5 | 2.81 | 2400 | [114] | |
65 | 1.7 | 3.76 | ||||||
113 | – | 2000 | – | 1.3 | 7.0 | 300 | [115] | |
OMC | 844 | 51.2 | – | – | 1.2 | 0.68 | 90 | [63] |
MnO2/nanocarbon | 558 | 50 | – | 81.5 | 1.2 | 0.99 | 50 | [46] |
686 | 50 | 79.3 | 1.2 | 0.95 | ||||
Carbon nanotube | 153 | 1500 | – | 1.2 | 4.76 | 200 | [116] | |
2000 | 5.24 | |||||||
Carbon fibre | – | 60 | – | – | 1.2 | 1.7 | 100 | [117] |
500 | 2.57 | |||||||
1000 | 3.71 | |||||||
Carbon nanotube/carbon nanofibre | 211 | 100 | – | 1.2 | 3.32 | 30 | [15] | |
50 | 1.2 | 1.61 | ||||||
211 | 100 | 3.87 | 45 | [118] | ||||
CNT/polyacrylic acid | – | 50 | – | 83 | 1.2 | – | 60 | [80] |
Carbon nanotube sponge | 60–80 | – | 60 | – | 1.2 | 4.3 | 350 | [78] |
CNT/graphene | 435 | – | 35000 | – | 1.6 | 633.3 | 90 | [81] |
479.5 | 57 | – | 77 | 1.0 | 1.41 | 120 | [82] | |
222.1 | 50 | – | – | 2.0 | 1.36 | 40 | [17] | |
464 | – | 250 | 84.3 | 2.0 | 8.6 | 100 | [86] | |
Functional graphene | 406.4 | – | 65 | – | 2.0 | 3.229 | 30 | [84] |
Graphene/activated carbon | 779 | 100 | – | – | 1.2 | 2.94 | 100 | [48] |
Polypyrrole/graphite | 0.1407 | – | 1000 | – | 1.4 | 78.73 | 15 | [101] |
Activated carbon cloth | 1200 | 100 | 22 % | 1.2 | 8.5 | 7 | [96] | |
CNT/micro/mesoporous carbon | 526–990 | 40 | 98.1 | 1.2 | 0.692 | 120 | [79] | |
Carbon nanofiber | 186 | 89 | 86 | 1.2 | 1.91 | 90 | [102] | |
CNT | 129.2–359.6 | 5000 | 95 | 1 | 60 | [75] | ||
Graphene/mesoporous carbon | 685.2 | 89.5 | 90 | 2 | 0.73, | 65 | [91] | |
Graphene/mesoporous carbon spheres | 400.4 | 68.5 | 80 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 120 | [92] | |
Graphene | 384.4 | 25 | 88.96 | 1.2 | 6.18 | 90 | [89] | |
Graphene | 339 | 105 | 65 | 1.6 | 2.9 | 60 | [90] | |
Graphene | 220 | 60 | 84 | 1.6 | 2.256 | 90 | [87] | |
Three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon | 1036.8 | 30 | 92.36 | 2 | 2.16 | 80 | [104] |