Fig. 3

Realization of modeling non-equilibrium conditions for a thin-layer composite. a The scheme of a thin-layer composite system “inceptive adsorption layer 4 on the native oxide layer 3 (2 nm) on the metal film 2 (200 nm) on dielectric substrate 1” and its defocused electron beam pulse ionization with active surface zone 5 after intense impact. b SEI image of active surface zone 5 with diameter nearly 50 μm after intense electron beam impact (τ = 8 ms, iron film)