Table 1 The effect of sulfuric acid concentration, temperature, duration of hydrolysis, and ultrasound treatment on density and mechanical properties of the nanocellulose films
From: The Effect of Mechanochemical Treatment of the Cellulose on Characteristics of Nanocellulose Films
Concentration H2SO4, % | Temperature, °C | Duration of hydrolysis, min | Duration of the ultrasound treatment, min | Density, g/cm3 | Tensile strength, MPa | Young’s modulus, GPa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18 | 60 | 50 | 5 | 1.01 ± 0.04 | 26.1 ± 1.4 | 2.1 ± 0.18 |
60 | 50 | 30 | 1.03 ± 0.02 | 28.0 ± 2.2 | 2.5 ± 0.11 | |
60 | 50 | 60 | 1.14 ± 0.05 | 31.9 ± 1.7 | 3.1 ± 0.12 | |
60 | 50 | 90 | 1.27 ± 0.03 | 38.7 ± 1.6 | 3.7 ± 0.14 | |
30 | 20 | 30 | 60 | 1.13 ± 0.03 | 61.2 ± 3.9 | 6.3 ± 0.33 |
20 | 90 | 60 | 1.16 ± 0.06 | 63.1 ± 3.6 | 5.9 ± 0.29 | |
60 | 30 | 60 | 1.23 ± 0.04 | 63.5 ± 2.4 | 5.7 ± 0.14 | |
60 | 50 | 60 | 1.25 ± 0.03 | 69.0 ± 5.0 | 5.5 ± 0.31 | |
60 | 90 | 60 | 1.26 ± 0.02 | 72.8 ± 4.3 | 5.7 ± 0.19 | |
43 | 60 | 5 | 30 | 1.56 ± 0.05 | 88.0 ± 7.4 | 8.8 ± 0.16 |
60 | 5 | 60 | 1.43 ± 0.04 | 77.2 ± 6.3 | 7.3 ± 0.25 | |
60 | 10 | 30 | 1.51 ± 0.04 | 84.1 ± 5.3 | 7.8 ± 0.37 | |
60 | 15 | 30 | 1.45 ± 0.02 | 78.3 ± 4.6 | 7.1 ± 0.48 | |
60 | 20 | 30 | 1.41 ± 0.03 | 74.3 ± 5.8 | 6.7 ± 0.35 | |
50 | 20 | 60 | 60 | 1.34 ± 0.04 | 60.3 ± 4.8 | 5.5 ± 0.36 |
60 | 30 | 60 | 1.31 ± 0.05 | 64.5 ± 4.2 | 5.2 ± 0.45 | |
60 | 90 | 60 | 1.33 ± 0.03 | 66.7 ± 4.1 | 5.1 ± 0.33 | |
70 | 5 | 5 | 1.38 ± 0.04 | 73.8 ± 3.4 | 6.2 ± 0.41 | |
64 | 20 | 30 | 30 | 1.11 ± 0.03 | 50.0 ± 4.4 | 4.4 ± 0.38 |
20 | 30 | 60 | 1.12 ± 0.03 | 51.3 ± 5.3 | 4.6 ± 0.32 | |
45 | 30 | 30 | 1.42 ± 0.06 | 56.7 ± 5.6 | 4.5 ± 0.29 | |
45 | 45 | 30 | 1.36 ± 0.03 | 67.4 ± 3.6 | 6.8 ± 0.35 | |
60 | 10 | 30 | 1.45 ± 0.04 | 83.8 ± 6.4 | 7.3 ± 0.43 |