Fig. 5

Statistical analysis of cell cytoskeletal area, number of focal adhesions, and vinculin-stained area on different nanoporous stainless steel artificial microenvironments. a Cells on 100 nm displayed the maximum number of focal adhesions from cells onto the nanoporous surfaces on both the days. One hundred nanometers acted as the factor in causing the transition in the number of focal adhesions. b Maximum vinculin-stained area was seen in cells on 100-nm nanoporous surfaces for both the days. A consistent decrement in the vinculin-stained area was observed with an increment in the nanopore diameter. One hundred-nanometer nanopore diameter was marked as the transition step for vinculin expression. c After day 1, maximum cell area was displayed by cells on 100 nm which decreased consistently with an increase in the nanopore diameter. After day 3, cells on 100 nm still displayed the maximum cell area. Least cell area was seen in cells on 200- and 220-nm nanoporous surfaces after both the days. One hundred-nanometer nanopore diameter was marked as the transition-inducing factor for cell area. * represents statistically significant values with p < 0.05, while ** represents highly significant values with p < 0.01