Fig. 3

Nanoparticle volume fraction distributions of Ag-Ga nanofluid. Nanoparticle volume fraction distributions of Ag-Ga nanofluid (r = 20 nm, φ = 0.01) in the horizontal rectangular enclosure (A = 2:1 and A = 4:1). a Ra = 1 × 10³, A = 2:1. b Ra = 1 × 10⁵, A = 2:1. c Ra = 1 × 10³, A = 4:1. d Ra = 1 × 10⁵, A = 4:1