Nanoparticles as Efflux Pump and Biofilm Inhibitor to Rejuvenate Bactericidal Effect of Conventional Antibiotics

Table 1 Summary of the studies deducing synergy of nanoparticles and antibiotic as antimicrobial and anti-biofilm agent

Reference	Type of nanoparticle	Antibiotic	Species		Report year
Reference	Type of nanoparticle	Antibiotic	Gram-positive	Gram-negative	Report year
52	Ag nanoparticle	Ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin	Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus	Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli	2012
24	Ag nanoparticle	Gentamicin, ampicillin, ofloxacin, vancomycin	–	Escherichia coli	2013
10	Ag nanoparticle	Ampicillin, vancomycin	Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae	Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri	2014
11	Cu nanoparticle	Ciprofloxacin	Staphylococcus aureus	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	2015
51	Ag nanoparticle	Amikacin, kanamycin, oxytetracycline, streptomycin	Staphylococcus aureus	Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli	2016
9	Cu nanoparticle, ZnO nanoparticle	Ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, gentamicin	Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus	Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Klebsiella pneumoniae	2016