Fig. 1

Surface ultrastructure of E. coli MG1655 using AFM multiple mapping. a and b were the topographical and deflection error images, and c was the detailed deflection error image of the bacterial cell with the expression of flagella and pili. A single cell was then focused, where d and e were the topographical and deflection error images, and f was the corresponding adhesion mapping. The scale bars = 1 μm in a and b, 500 nm in c, and 200 nm in d–f