Table 2 Results of estimation of nanoparticle toxicity in experimental models of their intravenous administration and the consequences of interaction of nanoparticles with cells of various organs
From: Dependence of Nanoparticle Toxicity on Their Physical and Chemical Properties
Type of nanoparticles | Sizes | Concentration; incubation time | Cell line | Method of detection | Effects; conclusions | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FeО NPs modified and not modified with polyethylene oxide triblock copolymer (PEO-COOH-PEO) | 10 nm | 1–5 mg/ml; 48 h | PC3 C4-2 HUVECs | MTT assay; confocal microscopy | Decreased viability of all cell types. NP uptake by cells. The surface-modified NPs are more toxic than NPs without shells. | [146] |
SiO NPs modified and not modified with COOH, NH2, and OH | 30 and 70 nm | 1–6000 μg/ml; 24 h | HUVECs | MTS assay; ELISA; LDH assay; fluorescent microscopy | The unmodified NPs do not affect cell viability substantially. The modified NPs cause death of an insignificant proportion of cells. The cell state (static or dynamic) does not affect cell viability upon interaction with the NPs but affects internalization of the NPs (cells in the dynamic state absorb the NPs more readily). | [147] |
CuS nanoplates | Length, 59.4 nm; thickness, 23.8 nm | 1–400 μg/ml; 24 and 48 h | HUVECs RAW 264.7 KB HeLa | WST-8; confocal microscopy; scanning electron microscopy (SEM) | HUVEC viability is considerably more decreased in the presence of the NPs at concentrations higher than 100 μg/ml compared to KB and HeLa cells. The NPs penetrate only into RAW 264.7 cells. The NPs do not cause significant changes in the cytoskeleton of cells of any line. | [148] |
Se NPs modified and not modified with Ru(II) polypyridyl | 100 nm | 1–50 μg/ml; 12 and 24 h | HUVECs HepG2 SW480 PC3 MCF-7 | Immunoblotting; confocal microscopy; MTT assay; flow cytometry | The modified NPs are 20 to 6 times more toxic for all cell lines than the unmodified NPs. The modified NPs inhibit the proliferation and migration of HUVECs and formation of microtubules in them. The modified NPs are effectively absorbed by HUVECs and HepG2 cells. | [149] |
Ag NPs | 35, < 100, and 2000–3500 nm | 22, 70, 220, 700, and 2200 μg/ml; 3.5 h | Human red blood cells | Hemolytic test | The NPs lyse a larger proportion of red blood cells compared to micrometer-sized particles. Hemolysis is enhanced at NP concentrations of 220 μg/ml and higher. | [150] |
Hydroxyapatite NPs modified and not modified with indocyanine green and Gd3+ | 50 nm | 50–250 mg/ml; 48 h | Mononuclear blood cells Mesenchymal stem cells | MTT assay; hemolytic test; test for platelet activation and aggregation; flow cytometry | The NPs are nontoxic for both stem cells and mononuclear cells of peripheral blood, do not cause platelet aggregation or activation, and do not induce inflammatory or immune response. | [151] |
SiO NPs | 100 nm | 1–100 μg/ml; 24 and 48 h | HeLa 3T3 | MTT assay; trypan blue test; flow cytometry; LDH assay; SEM; ROS assay | The NPs are low-toxic, decreasing the cell survival by more than 20% only at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. The NPs do not cause apoptosis, ROS generation, or serious morphological changes in cells at concentrations lower than 100 μg/ml. | [152] |
CdTe QDs modified with mercaptosuccinic acid | 4 nm | 0.1–100 μg/ml; 24 h | HUVECs | MTT assay; flow cytometry; ROS assay | The QDs are toxic for HUVECs. The QDs increase the intracellular ROS level and activate apoptosis. | [153] |
CdTe/CdSe/ZnSe QDs modified with mercaptoundecanoic acid | 19.8 ± 5 nm | 1.25–60 μg/ml; 1 and 24 h | HepG2, SKBR-3 MCF-7 | Alamar blue assay; fluorescent microscopy; confocal microscopy | The QDs are nontoxic for all cell lines except HepG2 (for HepG2 cells, they are toxic at a concentration of 15 μg/ml). Morphological changes are also observed only in HepG2 cells. | [154] |