Fig. 4
Changes in the characteristics of gut microbiota between control rats and TiO2 NP exposed rats at GD 10. a, b Alpha- and beta-diversity of gut microbiome were presented as Shannon, Simpson, and Chao1 index, as well as NMDS analysis. c Venn diagram showed the OTUs characteristics. d, e Dominant biomarkers and related gene functions were found by Lefse and phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) prediction, respectively. D10 Ctrl means the control rats at GD 10, d10 Test means the exposure rats in GD 10