Carbon Dots as New Generation Materials for Nanothermometer: Review

Table 1 Temperature-dependent fluorescent carbon dots reported up to now

Carbon precursor	Synthesis method	Thermometer nanomaterial	Linear range (°C)	Sensitivity	Reference
Glacial acetic acid	Self-promoted and self-controlled	CDs	–	–	[51]
Glucose	Hydrothermal	Passivated CDs	15–60	–	[1]
C3N4	Reflux	Nitrogen-doped CDs	20–80	0.85% °C⁻¹	[94]
l-cysteine	Hydrothermal	Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped CDs	10–90	–	[95]
Acrylic acid, Methionine	Hydrothermal	Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped CDs	25–75	–	[92]
Citric acid	Hydrothermal	Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped CDs	-	1.79% K⁻¹	[89]
C₃N₃S₃	Reflux	Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped CDs	20–80	–	[96]
Graphite	Laser ablation	CDs	5–85	1.48% °C⁻¹	[14]
D-glucose	Hydrothermal	Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped CDs	5–75	–	[97]
Citric acid	Hydrothermal	Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped CDs	5-75	0.41% °C⁻¹	[2]
Citric acid	Hydrothermal	CDs	25–95	–	[98]
Dextrose	Hydrothermal	Nitrogen-doped CDs	25–95	–	[99]
Formamide, glutathione	Microwave-assisted	CDs	5–60	3.71% C⁻¹	[29]
C₃N₃S₃	Hydrothermal	Nitrogen, sulfur and iodine co-doped CDs	10–8	–	[100]
Cetylpyridinium chloride	Hydrothermal	Nitrogen and chlorine co-doped CDs	20–80	–	[101]
Trisodium citrate	Hydrothermal	Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped CDs	283–343 (K)	0.64% K⁻¹	[102]
Manganese (III) acetylacetonate	Hydrothermal	Manganese oxide doped CDs	10–60	–	[103]
Trisodium citrate	Hydrothermal	Nitrogen and boron co-doped CDs	0–90	1.8% °C⁻¹	[77]