Fig. 1
A summary chart of our study. a Flow chart showing anodic oxidation and induction of cell differentiation. b The pretreated titanium substrate was fixed as the anode in an electrolyte aqueous solution with 0.15 M NH4F and 90% glycol at constant voltage for 1 h. Self-assembled nanotubes were predicted to be formed uniformly. Its reaction mechanism is described in materials and methods. c Schematic diagram of the mechanism of osteogenic differentiation of stem cells induced by nanotubes