Fig. 3

DNA damage induced by Au@Ag NR. HepaGR cells were exposed to Au@Ag NR at different concentrations (0.8 to 20 μg mL⁻¹) for 24 h and 72 h, respectively. a Averaged % Tail DNA after exposed to Au@Ag NR for 24 h; b averaged % Tail DNA after exposed to Au@Ag NR for 72 h; c percentage of positive cells with γ-H2AX foci estimated using flow cytometry; d mean fluorescence intensities in cells with γ-H2AX foci estimated using immunofluorescent staining.^*P < 0.05 versus vehicle control; ^aP < 0.05 versus Au NR. 2 μM mL⁻¹ MMS was employed as a positive control