Fig. 8From: Multifunctional Gold Nanoparticles for Improved Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications: A ReviewAntimicrobial mode of actions of the NSMs. Various NSMs can induce cell death by altering various biological functions, X represents alteration of cell signaling by de-phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins as one of the mechanisms. Reproduced with permission [141]. Copyright 2018, Frontiers in MicrobiologyBack to article page