One-Step Solvothermal Synthesis of Ni Nanoparticle Catalysts Embedded in ZrO2 Porous Spheres to Suppress Carbon Deposition in Low-Temperature Dry Reforming of Methane

Table 1 Specific surface area, pore volume, secondary particle size, and element contents of Ni catalyst supported on ZrO₂-based porous spheres

Materials¹⁾	Secondary Particle size²⁾ (nm)	Specific surface area³⁾ (m²/g)		Pore volume⁴⁾ (cm³/g)	Element content⁵⁾
		Before H₂ reduction	After H₂ reduction	Pore volume⁴⁾ (cm³/g)	Ni^5,6)	Si^5,7)	Mg^5,7)	Y^5,7)	Zr^5,7)
L-Ni@ZrO₂	602 ± 63	71	4	< 0.1	9.5	–	–	–	100
L-Ni@SiO₂-ZrO₂	700 ± 61	135	2	< 0.1	8.4	5.6	–	–	94.4
L-Ni@MgO-ZrO₃	618 ± 59	114	6	0.18	8.9	–	11.9	–	88.1
L-Ni@Y₂O₃-ZrO₂	710 ± 120	238	4	0.88	6.5⁸⁾	–	–	9.0⁸⁾	91.0⁸⁾
S-Ni@ZrO₂	120 ± 50	179	140	0.87	9.0	–	–	–	100
S-Ni@SiO₂-ZrO₂	63 ± 18⁹⁾	269	196	0.47	9.0	6.1	–	–	93.9
S-Ni@MgO-ZrO₂	83 ± 25	167	151	0.28	6.6	–	11.5	–	98.5
S-Ni@Y₂O₃-ZrO₂	115 ± 36	267	130	0.35	6.5⁸⁾	–	–	9.6⁸⁾	90.4⁸⁾
U-Ni/ZrO₂¹⁰⁾	¹¹⁾	76	73	0.36	8.2	–	–	–	–
L-Ni/ZrO₂¹²⁾	1340 ± 130	20	3	< 0.1	8.4	–	–	–	–

1) Materials were used after calcination in air at 300 °C for 1 h. 2) As prepared materials. Evaluated by SEM images of at least 100 particles. 3) Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method. 4) BJH method. 5) Fluorescent X-ray analysis. 6) Weight %. 7) Atomic ratio of Si, Mg, or Y vs. Zr. 8) ICP-OES method. 9) Evaluated by TEM images of at least 100 particles. 10) Ni NPs were supported on commercially available ZrO₂ (UEP-100) by impregnation method. 11) Not measured. 12) Ni NPs were supported by an impregnation on ZrO₂ porous spheres obtained by a solvothermal method